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| Dr. Inyang |
When they heard his father suddenly call out, “Everybody into the car!” the two boys hurried to wash up. But their father’s life was in serious danger, the car was already crammed with other family members, and their dad had to drive off without his sons.
The boys, running to catch up to the car, cried out, ”Papa! Papa!” When they were able to get close enough, their father urged them to hurry to the next town three miles away. They could meet up there, he said. As more shots were heard coming from the direction of his backyard, frightened and confused Asuquo ran and ran.
You see, he was trapped between warring ethnic and religious factions at the start of the 1967-1970 Nigerian civil war. The young boy who would become Dr. Asuquo Inyang quickly realized that he had to be resourceful and adaptable to survive.
On a cold day in York at the end of winter 2022, Dr. Inyang sat with me and my husband in our home and recalled his early childhood and his roundabout path from the subtropical delta region of Nigeria on the Atlantic coast of West Africa to temperate Southcentral Pennsylvania to practice anesthesiology.
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| The Republic of Biafra including the resource-rich Niger River Delta region (from Wikipedia) |
The idea of becoming a doctor came early to Asuquo. Though his mother “always had a smile on her face,” she “was (also) always getting sick.” She was in and out of the hospital, and “nobody knew exactly what was wrong with her,” he said. So when he was about four and felt her suffering he reassured her that he would one day find a way to relieve her pain.
Looking back now, Asuquo believes that his mother struggled with depression and anxiety and that she had severe panic attacks. But his native language, Ibibio, had no word for depression; if you were withdrawn, they just said you were lazy. His mother was “sick for a long time.” The stress of this led to divorce and his father remarried.
So, as it turned out, as his father sped away from their compound, he left Asuquo and his older brother (by eight years) behind for the three years of the war.
The Civil War
Dr. Inyang explained that the conflict began with a military coup d’état by members of the (mostly southern and eastern) Igbo tribe in response to persecution by the (mostly northern) federal government. This was followed six months later by a counter-coup and a bloody anti-Igbo pogrom in which as many as thirty thousand men, women, and children were killed. Asuquo recalled the horror of seeing headless bodies. The southeasterners were mostly Christians educated in the liberal English tradition; the north was dominated by fundamentalist-leaning Islamists. The beleaguered Igbo (the “g” is silent) decided to secede from Nigeria to form the independent Republic of Biafra.
The two Inyang brothers, though from Uyo in Akwa Ibom State in the targeted southeast region, were not members of either of the specific warring tribes. Asuquo recalled that as they avoided being caught in the deadly crossfire they sometimes had to hide deep in the woods, in the extensive mangrove forests.
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| Nigerian mangrove (from environigeria.com) |
Asuquo is "haunted" by these memories. But he can also bring to mind a quieter life before the war. He remembers the weekends by the Atlantic with long dining tables filled with freshly-caught fish, crabs, and shrimp. He remembers his mother taking him to the hospital by boat and seeing the tall ships. He remembers worrying about his grades in kindergarten in Enugu when he got everything right and was upset and cried when the teacher simply wrote “good” on his chalkboard. And he remembers learning to read at five, before attending school, thanks to his two older sisters.
His father worked as an auditor for the government while his mother raised the four kids. Since Asukuo was the baby in the family he was treated differently than his siblings and was “pampered and spoiled.”
But the pampering could not protect him from the war. He raced away from the family compound that day in fear while his brother stayed behind. As he searched for safety, he ran across a sympathetic countryman who warned him that his village was surrounded and that he had to turn back. He did, and found that his home “was like a ghost town.”
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| Nigerian federal troops moving against Biafran forces in 1967 (from the Associated Press) |
Asuquo eventually located his brother and the two sought refuge at their “auntie’s house.” He had not eaten anything since the day before and he was terribly hungry. His brother got something from the kitchen, but he couldn’t find the salt. And the young boy, hungry as he was, “couldn’t eat without salt.”
But why did Asuquo’s father abandon his two boys? Because he worked in civil defense he usually wore army fatigues. Spotting that uniform, the nationalist Nigerians assumed he was a rebel Biafran separatist. So, his father was a wanted man. And when the armed government fighters reached the family’s compound, thinking he must be hidden there, they began shooting.
Dr. Inyang said that “every square inch (of the house) was riddled with bullets.” Somehow, Asukuo and his brother were able to avoid getting hit. From then on, he “couldn’t live anywhere” and couldn’t “associate with people.” The spoiled, pampered, nine-year-old had to rely on himself to survive.
Dr. Inyang told me that one time soldiers were chasing after him and his brother and cousin. They managed to get to their grandmother’s empty house but there was nowhere safe to hide, nowhere to be certain they were out of sight of the invaders. He “thought it was the end” and he waited for the inevitable. But wait, there was light coming from their grandmother’s bedroom! As the blood-thirsty men suddenly rushed towards that Asuquo knew that it was his one chance to escape. And he did. He ran and ran and ran. He ran as if, he said, he was “floating in the air.”
During the war, the national Nigerian government, with the help of the British, blockaded Biafra. Food supplies were eventually depleted, and nearly two million people, half of them children, starved to death. Those of us of a certain age remember seeing the news photos of the swelled bellies of the otherwise emaciated innocent young victims of deep hatred, of an attempted genocide, who succumbed to malnutrition with marasmus and kwashiorkor.
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| Casualties of the Nigerian Civil War (from Kent Gavin; Getty Images) |
The weary Biafrans eventually gave up and the war ended on January 14, 1970. Asuquo’s immediate family survived but he lost cousins fighting for Nigeria, and cousins battling for Biafra. (In time, his father had joined the Biafran army. He still had enemies after the war, so he had to wait a while to return home.)
The Beginning of His (Formal) Education
And upon his return, his father had a special book for his younger son, for his son’s next chapter. Asuquo’s father wanted him to pass the entrance exam to get into (at the time) the best high school in Nigeria, the school he, himself, had attended. His father knew that education was the way out and that, due to the war, his son had not been able to go to school for several years and needed to catch up. Asuquo listened; as he sat on the balcony of his stepmother’s small house he went over every question and answer five or six times.
The Hope Waddell Training Institution, founded by Scottish Presbyterian missionaries in 1895, was the school that Nigerian kids dearly wanted to attend. But of the “thousands” of hopefuls each year, only 120 were admitted. Asuquo managed to be one of the lucky ones. While there, he studied science, engineering, and art. But everyone at the school knew that he wanted to be a surgeon and when somebody got hurt they called him.
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| Hope Waddell Training Institution (from heritageschoolsnigeria.com) |
The next step after Hope Waddell was the university for medical studies and he took another competitive exam for that. The report of the test results was delayed because of suspicion of cheating. There was, it turned out, no evidence of fraud, but by the time the final results were posted the available university slots were filled. Asuquo had to retake the exam.
He knew he did well, again, but when the report was published in the local newspaper his name was missing. His father, knowing his son’s talent and hours of hard work, went to see what happened. Their lame answer was: “There must have been a mistake, he scored the highest!” But, once again, by then, it was too late.
So Asuquo went to the College of Technology in Calabar. He led the class and once more took the medical school entrance exam and passed. He was relieved. He needed a break from book studies and took an extended ecology tour. When he returned home he found the “happy to inform you” letter that is anxiously awaited by physicians-to-be. But the date for the finalizing interview for his spot had passed! Asuquo showed up at the dean’s office anyway, but his pleading request for the required face-to-face meeting was quickly denied.
He returned to Calabar, studied, and obtained the British so-called A-Level certificates (from Cambridge). With those, he could then go anywhere.
His father convinced him to attend the beautiful University of Ife for his preliminary medical studies. Since he already had A-levels in most subjects (except math) and they were teaching basic O-level work he decided (unwisely) to skip classes and play basketball. He was quickly bored and worried that he was wasting his father’s money, so he returned home again.
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| The striking Israeli-designed University of Ife (Credit: wallpaper.com) |
Medical School and Beyond
But his father knew people, and Asuquo was granted admission to the College of Medicine at the prestigious University of Ibadan, the first university in Nigeria and part of the University of London. At last, he was on his way. (Whew!)
After going through the above, the prelude to his chosen path, Asuquo didn’t have much to say to me about his medical school experience other than that he wanted to show others that he was up to the task. And he did that.
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| Main gate at the University of Ibadan (from Abayomi Fawehinmi) |
After Medical School
After this, Asuquo and his best friend, Temitope Alonge, were the only two from their class to do postgraduate work in surgery. They did this through the Nigerian Overseas Doctors Training Scheme.
It was widely felt that the British system provided the best clinical training. So after his companion went to England to master orthopedic surgery at the Postgraduate Medical College in Yarmouth, a seaside town twenty miles east of Norwich, Asuquo joined him. Their strong bond was unusual as they were “not members of the same tribe and didn’t speak the same (native) language,” said Dr. Inyang.
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| Great Yarmouth (from BBC) |
The two eager trainees had few possessions and little money, so they relied on each other and shared. For example, Asuquo had a stove and his friend had a refrigerator, and they carefully coordinated their meals and ate together. (Dr. Alonge is now the Chief Medical Director of the University College Hospital, Ibadan.)
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| Asuquo's wife |
After five years of general surgical training followed by intense work in cardiothoracic surgery abroad, Asuquo’s plan was to return home to Nigeria for practice. He had all of the proper credentials and was ready to go, especially after he was offered the position of Chief of Cardiac Surgery at the University of Lagos.
A (Very) Brief Return to Nigeria
But things were not good when he returned to Nigeria in 1994 to start his career. He discovered that “people were disappearing for no reason.” It turns out that there was another political crisis that, according to a New York Times report at the time, “deepened ethnic and regional cleavages in ways that all sides say could threaten Nigeria’s existence as a state.”
There had been an unprecedentedly free and fair presidential election on June 12, 1993. However, the then-current military president (representing the conservative north) refused to release the voting results showing that the opposition leader (a moderateYoruba from the south) had easily won. He claimed that the voting was rigged. Workers in the rich southern oil fields protested and went on strike. World oil prices rose sharply and there was social and economic chaos. (Sound familiar?)
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| Celebrating "the real" Nigerian Democracy Day (from Legit.ng) |
The reminders of the frightening civil war through which Asuquo had miraculously survived were difficult for him and his young family to ignore. And as the economy had suddenly collapsed they were now so poor they could not afford to feed their children. So after only two weeks, he knew he had to leave and he boarded “the next plane back to England.”
Back in England
Politically stable England would be good, he thought. But it turns out that the gentlemanly medical system was not always kind to outsiders. He was able to get a registrar position (above a house officer but below a consultant) in cardiothoracic surgery and worked under the unit chief whom he had previously trained. His goal of becoming an attending surgeon sometimes seemed nearly unobtainable, Asuquo said, because he “wasn’t British.”
So he toiled as a senior registrar (sort of like a chief resident) in cardiac surgery in Leeds for eight years. His mentor in Leeds was the dapper and remarkably self-controlled Unnikrishnan R. Nair. The mentee, Asuquo, paid attention, mastered the difficult craft, and waited patiently for his turn to be promoted to a consultant-level position. After a good while, he was finally scheduled for the all-important interview.
He and his wife were realistic about the slim odds of getting a permanent job, and they decided that he needed to have another option. He could, instead, come to the States, where there were more opportunities. So he signed up for another test, the three-stage US Medical Licensing Examination, the USMLE.
Wouldn’t you know, at the last minute, the day for the critical interview in Leeds was changed. It was to be on the same day as the USMLE in Liverpool, seventy miles away. What to do? Dr. Inyang’s practical wife advised him to take the exam, the surer bet. Yet, he thought he could do the test and still make it home in time for the six-o’clock interview.
So he finished the exam, “jumped” into his car, and headed northeast on the M62. But (you may have suspected this by now) there was a problem. A traffic tie-up slowed his trip and he didn’t arrive home until eight. It was too late. He told me (with some irony), that “they gave the job to a Pakistani guy.”
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| Stopped traffic on the notorious M62 (from hulldailymail.co.uk) |
Asuquo was frustrated and decided then that he wasn’t going to stay in England. His faithful wife agreed, and said, “That’s what God wants. You never know. Let’s pray.”
"That’s how I ended up coming to the United States,” said Dr. Inyang.
On to the States
So he “applied to a hundred places” across the US and waited. Looking around, he stumbled on a new program in New York at North General Hospital with Mount Sinai that needed trained people. So he contacted them. They were happy with his West African and Royal College of Surgeons qualifications as a heart surgeon and said that he could sit for the American boards after just two years of training in New York. This promise was “attractive” and he agreed to take the job.
But when he showed up at (the financially troubled) hospital Asuquo was informed that he actually needed to do the full residency program, with several years in general surgery before doing cardiac surgery. By that time, he was stuck and had to accept the challenge.
He was on track, but the new program closed after only two years and Asuquo was in limbo once again; he was here on a work permit and suddenly had no work. He had to provide for his wife and two kids, so he “looked for any job anywhere.”
The Switch to Anesthesia
As he scrambled to find work and was getting nowhere, he finally got a break. You see, he was friendy with a woman in his program who had been offered two anesthesia residencies, one at Montefiore and another at Mount Sinai. She chose Sinai, and she was with Asuquo when she called Montefiore to tell them she wasn’t going to accept their offer. Dr. Inyang was on it; he contacted Montefiore “as soon as she dropped the phone” and innocently said, “I hear you guys have an opening...”
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| Montefiore Medical Center (from Montefiore Health System) |
He was granted a meeting for the next day. As he sat there anxiously and waited for the chance to present himself a man walked by a few times while looking at some papers. “Are you the guy for the interview?” he was asked. Asuquo replied, “Yes.” The man said he was in a hurry and had to catch a plane for a conference, so: “Do you want this job, or what?” The answer: “Yes, I want it.” And with that, he was hired.
“That’s how I ended up in anesthesia!” proclaimed Dr. Asuquo Inyang with a full Nigerian laugh (one of many during our meeting). Even so, he was still hoping that there would eventually be an opening somewhere, a place where he could return to doing heart surgery, his real passion,
He told me, by the way, that the reason his program closed down was due to the political fallout from Newt Gingrich’s 1994 conservative, Reagan-inspired, “Contract with America.” This was an outline to shrink government (which it didn’t) and cut back a number of liberal government programs (which it did).
You see, revealed Dr. Inyang, it was felt that the foreign doctors were “making life difficult for surgery.” So in 1997, the Balanced Budget Act act put a cap on the number of annual residencies the CMS (the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the major funding source for medical training) would support. It froze the funding at 1996 levels. International medical graduates were disproportionately affected.
Anyway, though he really “didn’t like anesthesia,” Asuquo was relieved to have a job. In fact, even now, after years of putting people to sleep and waking them up safely and unharmed, he doesn’t think of himself as an anesthesiologist per se. Instead, he is a “surgeon doing anesthesia.”
And since he had already done two years of surgery training here he could complete a full anesthesia program in just three more years. During the second, they offered him a job as an attending. He told me that he hadn’t thought of doing that, as he still had faith that he could find a surgical slot. So he needed to run this by his wife. The increase in pay was substantial, the growing family had more expenses, and, to be fair, it was an offer he simply couldn’t turn down. As his wife gently reminded him, it was time for Asukuo to no longer be a student.
(I realize that we have covered a lot of ground so far, and it's difficult to take it all in. You may need a short breather before hearing the rest of the story. That's okay. Just remember to come back.)
To continue, Asuquo stayed at Montefiore in the Bronx for ten years, where he “hustled” and worked at three hospitals. In his salaried position, he did mostly complex cardiac work. At the other hospitals, to make extra money, he did trauma and routine general anesthesia.
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| View of The Bronx with Yankee Stadium (from hotels.com) |
Dr. Inyang likes to be busy and felt that he was the “hardest worker” in the department. So when the chairman deprived him of extra compensation, as he would not get a “penny in bonus” one year because (they said) he was making money elsewhere, he quickly handed in his resignation. It was early 2007.
After Montefiore
After that, he worked part-time in downtown Manhattan. But there was a sixty-mile commute through three counties from his home, from his family, in 97%-white Pawling (but Quaker site of the first action against slavery in the colonies in 1738 or so), due north of the city. One day, just before Christmas, while their live-in nanny had gone shopping in Poughkeepsie and his wife was in the Bronx getting her hair done by a stylist who knew how to do African hair, their three-year-old son was in daycare (he’ll be 17 in May) and had had an allergic reaction.
They couldn’t get in touch with Asuquo’s wife or the nanny, so they called him. He was in the middle of a difficult case (the patient later died) and he told his chief that he had to leave to take care of his son. But as he headed north on the FDR Drive there was (as you might guess) an accident, and “gridlock.” It took him four harrowing hours to get home. His son was okay, but Asuquo thought to himself: “What’s the point of working if I can’t take care of my family?”
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| The 9.7-mile FDR: More snarled traffic with which to contend (from Hiram A. Duran in "The City") |
So Dr. Inyang, not afraid of change, submitted his resignation the next day. But after this, he was “depressed” and couldn’t think about work. He did nothing, nothing at all, for the next two months. His wife was working on her PH.D. in physical therapy and she started sending in job applications on behalf of her flattened husband.
After New York, just York
It wasn’t long before he received a pretty good offer from a hospital in a small town in upstate New York. They picked him up in a fancy limo for the trip. The position itself looked okay but his careful wife did not like the quality of the school system, and (as a sort of deal-breaker) there was “no Black barbershop.” He needed to keep looking.
The next offer, another nice one with luxury transportation, came from a hospital in Kentucky. But after Asuquo sent his wife a few photos of the place she firmly replied, “The kids are not going there.”
The next interview his wife arranged was with Anesthesia Associates of York. There would be no Lincoln Town Car, no airport ticket, and no high-end lodging. He was informed that he could just drive down from New York himself! He did that, and they booked him a room at the no-frills Holiday Inn Express. Though he liked what he saw with the practice, his cautious wife had to visit York to see for herself.
Once here, she took an immediate liking to Dr. Arthur (“Jed”) Smalley, chief of cardiac anesthesia at the time; Dr. Smalley was “straightforward” and “down to earth,” (a was his wife). She felt the same way about the chairman of anesthesia, Dr. Doug Arbittier (and his wife). There was a sense of comfort and a belief that they would be treated fairly. And, importantly, the Inyangs could easily live within a 15-minute drive to the hospital, making it easy if Asuquo had to run home for another family emergency.
So Asuquo accepted the position and started working here in York in October 2008 while his wife stayed in New York for a bit to finish her doctorate, to become Dr. Ekamma Inyang.
Asuquo enjoys being in the operating room to keep abreast of “what’s going on.” But he admitted that the first few years here were terribly painful. You see, in New York, he worked in three places, but in York, he had only one job (imagine that!) and was “kind of bored.” This changed one day when he bumped into Dr. Vasudevan Tiruchelvam (who, by the way, also did his surgical training in England). Dr. Tiru told Asuquo about going on a voluntary medical mission in Honduras; a “lightbulb went off.”
Beyond York
Dr. Inyang realized that this could be his opportunity to do surgery, so he joined the small group going to beautiful colonial Gracias, Lempira. When he arrived, he saw that the people were suffering and that his skills were needed. But this suffering brought to mind his precarious childhood experience in Nigeria during the war.
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Beautifully restored church in Gracias, Lempira (from "Visit Centroamerica") |
On his third day in Honduras, a young woman had a cardiac arrest during a C-section; there was no heartbeat and her EKG tracing was an ominous straight line. Dr. Inyang had been calmly preparing for his next case in another room when he was urgently summoned. He had to pull out all of his anesthesiologist’s resuscitation skills, and as nothing seemed to do much, things looked grim.
But as he persisted the new mother’s pulse eventually returned, they finished the case, and the patient “woke up.” Everybody cried. Asuquo realized then that it takes the right person at the right time (and with the right skills) to save a life. He has gone back to Honduras “again and again.” And he has expanded his mission work.
He and his kids (his wife was in New York at the time) were at a Chinese restaurant when they saw someone who they thought was the pastor from the Living Word Community Church in Red Lion. Asuquo’s son went over and asked the man if he was Pastor Steve Almquist. He was, of course, and he introduced himself. Asuquo’s proud son said his father was a doctor. And Dr. Inyang told the pastor, yes, that he was an anesthesiologist, a surgeon, and an echocardiologist.
Years went quietly by, and one Sunday after church Pastor Steve came up to him and asked, “You are the doctor, right? We have a medical mission to Guatemala and we need doctors to help us there.”
Dr. Inyang “didn’t know how to say no to Pastor Steve.” So, along with Dr. Ed Nelson, he started doing work in Guatemala. And he didn’t stop there. He also tends to the suffering in Nigeria for a week or two twice a year; in March he goes to his father’s hometown, Iyo, and in November he spends time in his mother’s home, the peaceful port city of Calabar. He has gone to the Philipines once and was scheduled to go back, but COVID-19 has delayed that. Through his voluntary mission work, Dr. Inyang has been able to make use of his surgical talents.
Over the years, he has learned to enjoy certain aspects of anesthesia care, especially the hemodynamic challenges of cardiac surgery, where he may use his skills in echocardiography. While working in the OR, he envisions himself as the “non-operating surgeon.” He said that his “heart is in hearts.”
A Few Recent Advances in Anesthesiology
Dr. Inyang noted that there have been important advances in the practice of anesthesiology in recent years, making it safer and better tolerated by patients. With new techniques, drugs, and enhanced training, the mortality risk has declined from about 1 death in 1000 procedures in the 1940s to less than 1 in 200,000 recently.
For example, the feared so-called difficult intubation, with trouble placing the endotracheal tube accurately in the windpipe and thereby risking inadequate oxygen delivery to vital tissues, can be avoided altogether with routine use of direct video laryngoscopy during the procedure.
Also, the drugs used to induce and maintain the deep anesthetic state (exactly how they work, and how they affect consciousness, is still not fully understood, by the way) where the patient doesn’t move, experiences no pain, and has no recollection of the procedures are better, too. When Dr. Inyang started doing anesthesia the barbiturate thiopental was the standard for induction. This has been mostly replaced by propofol, the quick-acting IV sedative/anesthetic made infamous by Michael Jackson and his cardiologist. Amidate also has a rapid onset of effect and is especially helpful in trauma cases as it does not cause a drop in blood pressure or an increase in intracranial pressure, two potentially serious complications.
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| The parts of the brain affected by anesthetics; the sensory relay station, the thalamus, stands out (from Semantic Scholar) |
A new medication that he really likes a lot is dexmedetomidine. This, he explained, is an “alpha2-receptor agonist” (whatever that is). It has sedative, anti-anxiety, and antihypertensive effects. But it is unusual in that it does not cause respiratory depression or compromise cerebral perfusion; patients don’t stop breathing and the brain is protected. This has allowed physicians to do a number of complex heart procedures, such as transaortic valve replacements, under sedation only.
Dr. Inyang also noted that there are better medicines the anesthesiologist may use to improve heart function to maintain circulation during surgery, so-called inotropes. And he said that a temporarily weakened heart can be helped along for a while by a mechanical left ventricular assist device (LVAD). In fact, they use the “Impella Ventricular Support System.” This consists of a tiny pump and motor inside a catheter that can, remarkably, deliver 2.5 liters of blood per minute to the body, nearly half of the normal resting cardiac output.
There are new non-invasive ways to monitor pressures and blood flow within the heart and the rest of the circulatory system. And the second-to-second cardiac output can be calculated fairly precisely simply by analyzing the waveform of the pulse in one’s fingertip.
Dr. Inyang was careful to point out to me that his experience in the OR has shown him that “most organs (including the heart) recover after an insult if you keep maintaining circulation.” With support, the body often heals itself. This bears repeating: with support the body often heals itself.
Much of his free time is spent preparing for the complex international medical missions since it takes about six months to put one together. He and his team usually do 100-200 surgical cases and treat 1000-2000 medical patients over just a few weeks. Dr. Inyang is currently working on getting sponsorship for a trip to his wife’s hometown.
And Asuquo is grateful for his family and is quite proud of his wife and his four surviving children (all with meaningful traditional given names). His older daughter (the only one who learned his native language) resisted the pressure to be a surgeon and is an oncology resident at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His younger daughter (with whom he shares a birthday) is studying environmental engineering at Penn State. His older son (who “almost died” before he was delivered by emergency C-section at Einstein in the Bronx) writes software for AT&T in Atlanta. The younger son (Asuquo Jr.) plans to be an artist/animator. Asuquo’s wife, as we have seen, found time to obtain her own doctorate.
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| Proud Asuquo with his wife and their two sons and two daughters |
So, the 5,500-mile trip from Nigeria to York, the voyage from being a frightened young boy in the middle of a civil war to a fully-trained cardiac surgeon to a seasoned critical care anesthesiologist and to a mature anesthesiologist-surgeon arranging international medical missions, was not straightforward (Asuquo told me that nothing about him is). But the long winding journey, having been made, has finally allowed Dr. Inyang to stop running (though he hasn’t slowed down).
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| Reenactment of Dr. John Collins Warren doing the first surgery without pain on October 16, 1846, as William Morton administers ether to remove a tumor from the neck of Edward Abott. (painting by Warren and Lucia Prosperi for MGH) |
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